H forensic notes Free Essays

The skin takes on a wounded appearance alluded to as irately. (Off base) The skin turns dark. (Erroneous) CORRECT The body holes swell and the body shows up enlarged. We will compose a custom article test on H measurable notes or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now (Right) The body Is thoroughly dry and just bones remain. (Inaccurate) Correct answer Is C in light of the fact that during the rottenness phase of posthumous deterioration the body holes grow and show up enlarged on the grounds that slimy parasites and microscopic organisms radiate gas while they are separating cells In the body. Which would demonstrate that a cadaver had been dead somewhere in the range of 2 and 8 hours? Understudy Answer: a fixed purple shading on the least pieces of the body (Incorrect) completely firm muscles over the whole body (Incorrect) white blemishes on purple skin when squeezed (Correct) internal heat level of OFF (36. 1 co) when the encompassing temperature Is OFF (21. 1 ‘C) (Incorrect) Correct answer Is C in light of the fact that in spite of the fact that hemoglobin reveal the encompassing tissues, Glenn them shading somewhere in the range of 2 and 8 hours, It Is not lasting. At the end of the day between 2-8 hours, pushing on the tissue will uncover a white shading. Step by step instructions to refer to H scientific notes, Papers

Marketing communications strategy Free Essays

For the situation, Benetton is utilizing a strange and client driven promoting point of view in an exceptionally immersed industry. As far as retail apparel, there are high boundaries in this market with regards to getting a promoting message across to the immersed buyer. Consequently, what Benetton is attempting to do, as appeared for the situation, is available itself as a pariah inside this immersed advertise, so as to both intrigue to the client legitimately, and to defy them with issues of strengthening. We will compose a custom paper test on Advertising interchanges methodology or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now This is identified with the chapter’s notice of â€Å"Customer Empowerment†Customization: when an organization creates independently separated items, administrations, costs, and conveyance diverts in agreement to the purchaser needs/needs† (Chapter 12). The case additionally includes issues examined, for example, uplifted rivalry (retail style being a serious industry), industry intermingling, and disintermediation, or expelling the broker and going directly to the buyers as far as getting over a new and whimsical showcasing message. Accomplishment behind system The accomplishment behind Benetton’s promoting technique is the capacity of the company’s advertisers to put the organization in an outcast job, and furthermore a job of post-current editorial on culutre. Basically, this says to the client that by relating to the one of a kind or diverse postmodern promoting of Benetton, and its messages of political and social concern utilized in publicizing, they are relating to a way of life, not only a brand. This was one of the early methodologies that was then taken to such limits by different 80s contenders of Benetton like Swatch and even Nike: by situating the standard retail style organization in a counter-social socio-political situation through promoting, the individuation of the customer is guaranteed, as they relate their own distinction or contrast with the uniqueness of the publicizing. This prompted a ton of progress for Benetton’s promoting. To put it plainly, the accomplishment behind Benettons showcasing procedure is the company’s capacity to put its exceptional and disputable publicizing brand as a way of life just as a design decision. Applying Benetton’s system to another retailer Depending on the style retailer and the brand familiarity with general society, a comparative promoting correspondence methodology to that of Benetton could be either a decent move or a terrible move. For an organization that as of now has some level of guerilla, socio-political or counter-social advertising as a result, for example, an adolescent brand organization like Ecko or even a stone monument with a great deal of cash to spend on acclimatizing youth culture, similar to Nike, it might be conceivable to make the promoting interchanges of Benetton a triumph. Then again, if the brand is something like Abercrombie Fitch, J. Group, or Tommy Hilfinger, this is an organization that relates its image not to socio-political unrest and discussion, yet to conservatism and the possibility of constant great standards of design. Hence, for this kind of retail design brand with a great deal of conservatism in its picture, it would be progressively hard to effectively coordinate an advertising correspondences methodology like that of Benetton. The shopper would not have the option to make a legitimate association between a brand like Abercrombie Fitch, and a picture of high stun esteem discussion, which could identify with subjective cacophony with respect to the customer, which is something advertisers will in general stay away from. REFERENCE Benettonâ€case study. Parts 12-14 Instructions to refer to Marketing interchanges system, Essays

Does the responsibility to protect satisfactorily address the moral Essay

Does the obligation to secure agreeably address the good and political situations presented by helpful intercession consider regarding different points of view - Essay Example The duty to respond measurement specifies that various circumstances convincing human need ought to be replied with fitting estimates, for example, military mediation. Further, the duty to reconstruct measurement requires the arrangement of full help with circumstances of emergency. As a rule, the endeavor of these measurements requires the requirement for helpful mediation. Numerous human rights activists consider compassionate to be as something to be thankful for since it seems to institute a guarantee to the emancipatory goals of opportunity from abuse, regard for human pride and esteeming of human life (Orford 2003, p.34) Be that as it may, helpful mediation acquires some good and political situations, for example, the chance of encroachment of sovereign privileges of a given state and its national intrigue or the avocation for the requirement for such intercession (Chesterman, 2001). All in all, philanthropic mediation doesn't meet the entirety of the prerequisites of a simply war principle, loaning belief to the contention that the authenticity of this intercession in its totality flawed. In any case, the recognition of separation and proportionality standards, the forbiddance of utilization of furnished power against another sovereign state with the exception of self preservation and requirement measures supported by the Security Council in Chapter VII of the Charter; and the objective of halting grave infringement of human rights agreeably address the moral and political issues presented by helpful

How The Us Is Fighting The Alkaida Terror Group - 1375 Words

How The Us Is Fighting The Alkaida Terror Group (Essay Sample) Content: Al-Qaida and the U.SNameInstitutionAl-Qaida and the U.SIntroduction/ The origin of al-QaidaAl-Qaida and its dogma did not start wholly from the ground in 1988/89 as people sometimes portray it. What exceeds the scrutiny of al-Qaida is obliged from other terrorist organizations that came before them. After the original foundations in the late 1980s, the ideas and concepts that constitute the body literature of al-Qaida have continued to expand. People like Sayyid Qutb and Hassan Banna laid much of the earlier underpinning. Sayyid Qutb's specifically worked on items like Milestonesand Social Justice in Islam that were essential for reading and understanding the beginning of the jihadists philosophies (Roe, 2015).Understanding the contemporary objectives and ideology of al-Qaida, it is crucial to reside on some their core works. Al-Qaida and its supporters, like most terrorist and revolutionary groups, have moved to substantial extents to make sure that their communicati on is sent to both their enemies and supporters. al-Qaida has been both explicit and prolific, regarding the "propaganda" sent to its opponents (Burke, 2013). There has been a sequence of communication to, "Crusaders," as al-Qaida calls them, which feature the objectives of al-Qaida (Burke, 2013).Consequently, al-Qaida and its sympathizers have always published a widespread sequence of essays and books, which are fundamentally targeted at Muslims. However, these works are not disseminated largely as the propaganda that al-Qaida intends for the Western especially the U.S (Roe, 2015). It can be noted that the majority of the documents of al-Qaida have proven to be constant over a period. However, the ideologies have evolved in a way, which that corresponds to the operational realities of al-Qaida (Burke, 2013).Ideology, objectives, and goals of al-QaidaThe major objectives and targets stated by al-Qaida are to impel American authority and Americans out of all Muslim countries, particu larly Saudi Arabia, collapse pro-Western autocracy around the Middle East and destroy Israel. Osama Bin Laden, the former al-Qaida leader, said that he wished to unite Muslims and start an Islamic state that adheres to the first Caliphs rule.Many public or academic deliberations on philosophy are frequently mystifying because writers tend to talk about philosophy when discussing strategy and objectives. In a personal perspective, philosophy is principally a set of views attributed to an individual or a group. The values and ideas of al-Qaida are the non-substantial bonds that bind the organization together as it hunts to achieve its objectives.What can be alleged about the ideology, objectives, and goals of al-Qaida based on its activities, separate statements, and its literature? First, it is essential to note down the view of the world on al-Qaida as it creates the foundation of its dogma is as follows. Muslims attacked by everybody, only al-Qaida, and its supporters are fighting the Islam oppressors, and that if one is not supporting al-Qaida, then they are supporting the tormenters (Roe, 2015).Second, al-Qaida glimpses its vision to be the forefront of the revolution of the subjugated. Al-Qaida is certain that it cannot attain its objectives on its own and therefore needs to motivate the people with inspirational messages intended to generate an upheaval.Third, it is real and alleged that the main objective of al-Qaida is political, but not religious. The transom covering used in al-Qaidas credentials is usually religious, just as the violence justifications. However, the challenges hoisted in the al-Qaida documents are those of typical individuality politics with themes of exploitation, poverty, and oppression.Fourth, on how al-Qaida justifies and spreads its ideology, there are some ideological concepts and ideas, which continuously appear in the statements and literature of al-Qaida. Following the Singapore Religious Rehabilitation Project (RRP) that c arried out 500 interrogations with jihadist families and detainees, researchers illustrated eight major themes that persistently surfaced in nearly all cases.The leadership, capabilities and funding of al-QaidaAlthough Osama bin Laden and al-Qaida have become practically identical, Laden did not lead the militia group single-handedly. Laden top consultant was al-Zawahiri, the successor to bin Laden. Al-Zawahiri is a surgeon from Egypt and comes from a family of a high class. Al-Zawahiri joined the Islamist movement of the country in the late 1970s (Riedel, 2015). This man served a three-year incarceration on charges that were linked to the assassination of Anwar Sadat. After his release, al-Zawahiri moved to Afghanistan, where it is alleged that he met Osama and became his advisor and personal physician. Al-Zawahiri was likely influential in the political evolution of bin Laden.The leadership of al-Qaida manages a loosely structured cell network al-Qaida can employ affiliates from t housands of "Arab Afghan radicals and veterans across the globe (Liebl, 2012). Al-Qaidas infrastructure is a decentralized, mobile, and small model, whereby each cell independently operates with its affiliates not knowing the characteristics of other cells (Riedel, 2015). Local operative hardly understands anybody higher in the hierarchy of the organization.Al-Qaidas central organization must be differentiated from the lesser al-Qaida-inspired organizations globally. These organizations cannot be directly commanded from the al-Qaidas leadership but may be aggravated less by tactical computation than by an aspiration to impose utmost harm on the West. These organizations can be less apprehensive with the confines that are influences conferred above; however, they are limited by limited resources and their smaller size.FundingOsama bin Laden, who was a member of a billionaire family, which owned the bin Laden Group Construction Empire, was alleged to have taken over tens of millions o f dollars, which he used to fund al-Qaida. Al-Qaida also gets funding from the profitable businesses they manage, donations they solicit from like-minded followers, and the illegal siphons of finances from contributions to Muslim munificent groups. However, the efforts of the US to obstruct al-Qaida funding have hindered al-Qaida's capability to acquire money. Al-Qaida terrorist group funding is produced via using of subversive smuggling tunnels and the possibility that a definite terrorist illegal social network or smuggling tunnel will be using the same tunnel for smuggling. This would initiate a terrorist attack or a kidnapping operation as addressed in literature (Riedel, 2015).TrainingAl-Qaida has been having various training camps for terrorists. The array of training is dependent on the support level that terrorist groups receive from different states and organizations. In almost every situation, the training integrates the agenda and philosophy of al-Qaidas leadership as val idation for the training as well as the probable act of terrorism that may be committed. A state-sanctioned training is majorly thorough and extensive; frequently recruiting specialized soldiers and converting operatives of the supporting nation.CommunicationsEven if old communication techniques like radio are still used, the communication technology revolution over the past decade has noticeably changed how terrorist organizations communicate. Fax transmissions, satellite telephones, e-mails, cell phones, and websites have made it possible for al-Qaida to contemplate a worldwide strategy (Long Wilner, 2014). However, a great reliance on new technology leaves terrorist groups susceptible to complicated scrutiny and triangulation of the source of communication. Osama bin Laden ceased using the satellite phone method to communicate when he found out that conversations were being intercepted.Possible weapons and methods of deliveryNuclear, biological, chemical, radiological terrorism is normally portrayed as one of the biggest threats that face the world. Since 9/11 attacks, it has been extensively assumed that terrorists intend to cause the utmost probable numbers of casualties. Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) weapons give the best opportunity for achieving it. Therefore, it is claimed it is essential to take precautions to avert terrorists from having access to the weapons of mass destruction (WMD).Aum Shinrikyos comparison claims that perpetrators of the most lethal weapons attack to date. Al-Qaida, an organization, believed most likely to carry...

Aging Of Aging And Aging Essay - 1652 Words

As aging is a stage of development that cannot prevented, the question of â€Å"can one’s aging be more successful than another?† is posed my many. Researchers continually consider the differences between aging successfully, and aging unsuccessfully. As researchers work to complete their studies, many find a reoccurring basis of successful aging. A basis of successful aging can be set including: physical health disease free, chronic illness free, mental health disease free, among many others. The only problem with this basis is the difference from person to person in terms of what makes aging successful. As individuals age, their mental state is a large predictor of how the person will age. A positive mental state about aging, will have a more positive effect on a person’s aging process. Many factors may influence the positivity of aging, such as negative aging stereotypes and discrimination because of older age. These negative aging stereotypes include b ut are not limited to: older adults are not as smart, older adults are angry all the time, older adults are bad drivers, older adults are isolated and never socialize. In adult aging and development, having a positive outlook on aging will lead to better mental and physical aging. Ageism as defined by Merriam-Webster (2016), â€Å"prejudice or discrimination against a particular age-group and especially the elderly†. A study conducted by Nelson (2016), studied the effect of ageism and negative stereotypes which older adultsShow MoreRelatedAging Of Aging : Aging2605 Words   |  11 PagesWhat is aging? It is not easy to come up with a working definition of aging; different academics around the world defined ‘aging’ from different perspectives. Based on the collected information I have, I define aging –a multidimensional process of physiological, mental and social changes that occurred over the course of life. Though it is beyond human control, aging experiences may vary between individuals. â€Å"In the developed world, chronological time plays a paramount role. The age of 60 or 65, roughlyRead MoreEffects Of Aging On Aging And Aging1343 Words   |  6 Pagesover time. The changes include physical, social and psychological changes. Causes of aging are very uncertain. Besides, there are several factors which predispose an individual to premature aging. Current theories suggest that this process occurs to due to cellular damage such as DNA oxidation by free radicals causing biological systems to fail. Internal processes such as DNA methylation may also result in aging. Predisposing factors such as space escapades, use of chemically intoxicated substancesRead MoreAging And Its Effects On The Aging1360 Words   |  6 Pagesover time. The changes include physical, social and psychological changes. Causes of aging are very uncertain. Besides, there are several factors which predispose an individual to premature aging. Current theories suggest that this process occurs to due to cellular damage such as DNA oxidation by free radicals causing biological systems to fail. Internal processes such as DNA methylation may also result in aging. Predisposing factors such as space escapades, use of chemically intoxicated substancesRead MoreAging And The Aging Process1669 Words   |  7 Pages Aging, it’s something that as a species of life on this planet we are predisposed to and its results are an inevitable factor that effects our bodies in several ways, from cataracts development to the progression of memory issues from such diseases as Alzheimer’s or Huntington’s. The concepts of aging are broken down into two theories widely accepted by several varying fields of studies such as gerontology, the study of the aging process, and oncology, the study of cancer and tumo r development.Read MoreThe Aging Of Population Aging1563 Words   |  7 PagesSarah Bolduc SOC 438- Aging in Society Prof. Brasher 11/11/2015 Population Aging Population aging is a term used to describe a country that has rising life expectancy and declining fertility rates. Populations age when both fertility and mortality rates are low, less people are being borna nd less people are dieing. This phenomenon of a larger proportion of older population is happening in many countries and placing a burden on the younger population to support them. One of the country’s experiencingRead MoreThe Aging Of Population Aging1553 Words   |  7 PagesAging of population (also known as demographic aging) is a summary term for shifts in the age structure of a population making them looking of elder aged person . A direct consequence of the on going global fertility rate decline as well as make the society less working and aging causes lot of health issues too , population aging is expected to be among the most prominent in whole world . Population aging is progressing rapidly in many developing countries as well as developed nations tooR ead MoreThe Aging Process Of Aging910 Words   |  4 Pagescycle which views aging as a study decline in functions, the life course perspective sees â€Å"growth and development as a lifelong process†(Novak, 2012), in other words, we as humans are constantly changing, evolving and adapting to the world we live in. Many studies delve into the aging process, physical, mental and emotional to name a few. These studies have been cross-sectional, longitudinal as well as using cohorts to develop conclusions that will enlighten and enhance the aging process in societyRead MoreThe Signs Of Aging And Aging858 Words   |  4 PagesWhen a person thinks of aging, they can think of many things, from a baby getting taller, to an older person growing gray hair. A person’s body changes constantly throughout the span of their life. There is no helping it. While most people think of a person getting older as a person getting wrinkles, losing hair, and becoming more fragile, there are actually many other affects than just those. There are visible effects, and effects that are not visible by just looking at someone. In this paper, bothRead MoreThe Biology Of Aging And Aging942 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 6, Youth and Aging, analyzes how age is percieved throughtout society as a whole. It looks at how the youth are treated and how the elderly are treated. I am very passionate about section 6.6, Problems of the Elderly, because I think we need to focus on giving support to the elderly. I think it is especially important as the dependency ratio is increasing and as the amount of elderly increase the amount of services they need will also increase. The eldderly face many challenges as theirRead MoreAging : An Inevitable Part Of Aging Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Oh my gosh, I just found a white hair!† â€Å"I am getting old and I do not like it!† â€Å"I hate birthdays. I do not want to get old.† Who never tried to hide your age? Why are we so afraid of aging? Aging is a normal process of life; the only ones that do not age are the dead ones and Tina Turner’s legs. If the only way not to get old is to die, so why do we get so upset when we find the first white hair? It is probably because there are so many myths out there about old age. So, before we start crying

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay - 749 Words

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee It is not what an author says, but what she whispers which is most important. In other words, one must read in between the lines to discover the subtler meaning of novels. This is true for To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Understanding of the many themes in To Kill a Mockingbird is attained only by reading in between the lines. A major one of these themes is dignity as Harper Lee presents a clear picture of which characters are dignified. She does not clearly state which characters are dignified, but she utilizes actions to differentiate between the dignified and the undignified. Amongst the poor folk, the Cunninghams have dignity and the Ewells†¦show more content†¦If one reads To Kill a Mockingbird without pondering the authors title choice, one remains unaware of the books true meaning. Harper Lee characterizes mockingbirds through Atticus warning Jem that it is a sin to kill a mocking bird and Miss Maudie saying that mockingbirds are harmless creatures that only make sweet music for people to enjoy. In their own way, both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson are harmless mockingbirds who do no wrong. As a good neighbor, Boo warms Scout with a blanket and leaves Jem and Scout gifts. Most importa nt, he saves the lives of Jem and Scout by killing Bob Ewell. These achievements are Boos sweet music. Boo is a harmless mockingbird because when he is not doing good deeds, he reclusively stays in his house, never harming people. Harper Lee does not term Boo as a mockingbird, but she endorses this theory through Scout saying that prosecuting Boo would be similar to killing a mockingbird. Furthermore, if Heck Tate had reprimanded Boo, it would have been the equivalent of killing a mockingbird. Tom Robinson is another mockingbird. He lives a peaceful life, minding his own business, except when he charitably helps those he pities. Unfortunately, his benevolence in aiding Mayella Ewell in her chores leads to hisShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former new spaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mo ckingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, herRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,

The Last Tea by Dorothy Parker free essay sample

Did you call me up last night, by any chance? Me? he said. No, I didnt call you. While I was out. Mother said this mans voice kept calling up, she said. I thought maybe it might be you, by some chance. I wonder who it could have been. Oh — I guess I know who it was. Yes, thats who it was! No, I didnt call you, he said. I couldnt have seen a telephone, last night. What a head I had on me, this morning! I called Carol up, around ten, and she said she was feeling great. Can that girl hold her liquor! Its a funny thing about me, she said. It just makes me feel sort of sick to see a girl drink.Its just something in me, I guess. I dont mind a man so much, but it makes me feel perfectly terrible to see a girl get intoxicated. We will write a custom essay sample on The Last Tea by Dorothy Parker or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its just the way I am, I suppose. Does she carry it! he said. And then feels great the next day. Theres a girl! Hey, what are you doing there? I dont want any more tea, thanks. Im not one of these tea boys. And these tea rooms give me the jumps. Look at all those old dames, will you? Enough to give you the jumps. † Of course, if youd rather be some place, drinking, with I don’t know what kinds of people, she said, Im sure I dont see how I can help that. Goodness, there are enough people that are glad enough to make me to tea. I dont know how many people keep calling me up and pestering me to take me to tea. Plenty of people! All right, all right. Im here, arent I? he said. Keep your hair on. I could name them all day. she said. All right. he said. Whats there to crab about? Goodness, it isnt any of my business what you do, she said. But I hate to see you wasting your time with people that arent dearly good enough for you. Thats all. No need worrying over me, he said. Ill be all right. Listen. You dont have to worry. Its just I dont like to see you wasting your time, she said, staying up all night and then feeling terribly the next day. Ah, I was forgetting he was so sick. Ah, I was mean, wasnt I, scolding him when he was so mizzable. Poor boy. Hows he feel now? Oh, Im all right, he said. I feel fine. You want anything else? How about getting a check? I got to make a telephone call before six. Oh, really? she said. Calling up Carol? She said she might be in around now, he said. Seeing her tonight? she said. Shes going to let me know when I call up, he said. Shes probably got about a million dates. Why? I was just wondering, she said. Goodness, Ive got to fly! Im having dinner with Wally, and hes so crazy, hes probably there now. Hes called me up about a hundred times today. Wait till I pay the check, he said, and Ill put you on a bus. Oh, dont bother, she said. Its right at the corner. Ive got to fly. I suppose you want to stay and call up your friend from here? Its an idea, he said. Sure youll be all right? â€Å"Oh, sure, she said. Busily she gathered her gloves and purse, and left her chair. He rose, not quite fully, as she stopped beside him.Whenll I see you again? she said. Ill call you up, he said. Im all tied up, down at the office and everything. Tell you what Ill do. Ill give you a ring. â€Å"Honestly, I have more dates! she said. Its terrible. I dont know when Ill have a minute. But you call up, will you? â€Å"Ill do that, he said. Take care of yourself. You take care of yourself, she said. Hope youll feel all right Oh, Im fine, he said. Just beginning to come back to life. Be sure and let me know how you feel, she said. Will you? Sure, now? Well, good-bye. Oh, have a good time tonight! Why does the girl return to the game of fancied date later on? 9. Why does the dialogue between the girl and the boy change its style again. Dont you think, that their departure seems to be final. What makes you think so? 10. What are the main differences between the young man and the girl? 11. What problem is tackled by D. Parker in the story? Is it topical today? 12. What is the prevailing tone of the story? 13. What is your impression of the story? Suggested Writing Assignments Give the profile of the young man in writing. Do you sympathize with the girl or does her behavior cause your irritation,

The Cinderella Story

Table of Contents Summary of the story Characters Theme Plot Settings of the story Reference List Summary of the story The Cinderella story is a children story about a girl whose mother died and her father remarried a proud and ill-tempered woman. The woman had two daughters of the girl’s age who were as ill-tempered as their mother.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Cinderella Story specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After remarrying her father, her stepmother always gave the girl hard chores but she never complained. On finishing her chores, she would warm herself in one of the corners of the chimney and thus her sisters called her Cinderella. Then the two sisters got invited to a ball at the palace in honor of the Prince. They left her behind. As she wept for being left behind, her godmother came and magically showed her how to go to the palace. She also dressed Cinderella magnificently. After reach ing the palace, the prince invited her to the next ball in which Cinderella lost her glass slipper. The prince vowed to marry the girl who could wear the slipper and it emerged that Cinderella was the only one. She was thus married by the Prince (â€Å"Cinderella†, n.d., p. 1†). Characters The characters in this story include, the main character, Cinderella whose mother dies and she is left with her father. Cinderella is depicted as a good girl. The next character is Cinderella’s step mother; depicted as ill-tempered. She has two daughters who are shown as proud and as ill-tempered as their mother. There is also Cinderella’s godmother who is shown as a good woman, others include: Lord High Chamberlain, heralds, six mice, a rat and six lizards. The mice, rat and lizards were used magically by Cinderella’s godmother to escort Cinderella to the palace (â€Å"Cinderella†, n.d., p. 1†). Theme The theme of the story is the importance of human values. Cinderella is very good to her stepmother even after mistreatment. She is also good to her stepsisters even when they despise her. Her goodness pays off when, in the end, she is the only one who can marry the Prince. She is adored for that and her stepsisters apologize to her. The stepsisters would like to marry the Prince but they miss the chance. This story, therefore, highlights the importance of good temperament and human values (â€Å"Cinderella†, n.d., p. 1†). Plot The story begins with the birth of Cinderella which is followed by the death of her mother. Then her father remarries an ill-tempered woman with two daughters of Cinderella’s age with the same disposition. Cinderella is given hard chores but she does not complain.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She is left behind as the two girls answer an invitation to a ball in the palace. A s she weeps for being left, her godmother comes and magically shows her how to go to the palace. She goes and gets noticed by the prince who invites her to another ball and eventually marries her (â€Å"Cinderella†, n.d., p. 1†). Settings of the story The setting of the story is the capital city of a large kingdom and its environs. The introductory part of the story is set in Cinderella’s home. That is, during her birth, during the death of her mother, during the remarrying of her father and as she is overworked and looked down upon by her sisters. Her godmother visits her in her home. The other setting is the palace. Here Cinderella goes to a ball uninvited but she gets invited for another ball by the Prince. The prince eventually marries her (â€Å"Cinderella†, n.d., p. 1†). Reference List Children Stories. (n.d.). â€Å"Cinderella.† Retrieved from http://www.allthingsfrugal.com/cind.htm This essay on The Cinderella Story was written and submitted by user Ronnie Solis to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Adolf Hitler Summary Essays

Adolf Hitler Summary Essays Adolf Hitler Summary Paper Adolf Hitler Summary Paper Essay Topic: Bad Boy a Memoir Adolf Hitler (German: [? ad? lf ? h? tl? ] ( listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and head of state (as Fuhrer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is most commonly associated with the rise offascism in Europe, World War II, and the Holocaust. A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the German Workers Party, precursor of the Nazi Party, in 1919, and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923 Hitler attempted a coup detat, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, at the Burgerbraukeller beer hall in Munich. The failed coup resulted in Hitlers imprisonment, during which time he wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained support by promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism, and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and propaganda. He was appointed chancellor in 1933 and transformed theWeimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism. Hitlers avowed aim was to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe. His foreign and domestic policies had the goal of seizing Lebensraum (living space) for the Germanic people. He oversaw the rearmament of Germany and the invasion of Poland by the Wehrmacht in September 1939, which led to the outbreak of World War II in Europe. 2] Under Hitlers direction, in 1941 German forces and their European allies occupied most of Europe and North Africa. These gains were gradually reversed after 1941, and in 1945 the Allied armies defeated the German army. Hitlers racially motivated policies resulted in the deaths of as many as 17 million people,[3] including an estimated six million Jews and between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma targeted in the Holocaust. [4] In the final days of th e war, during the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler married his long-time mistress, Eva Braun. On 30 April 1945- less than two days later- the two committed suicide to avoid capture by the Red Army, and their corpses were burned. [5] Ancestry Adolfs mother, Klara Hitlers father, Alois Hitler, was an illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. The name of Alois father was not listed on Alois birth certificate, and he bore his mothers surname. [6][7] In 1842 Johann Georg Hiedler married Maria, and in 1876 Johann testified before a notary and three witnesses that he was the father of Alois. [8]Despite his testimony, the question of Alois paternity remained unresolved. For example, Hans Frank suggested the existence of letters claiming that Alois mother was employed as a housekeeper for a Jewish family in Graz and that the familys 19-year-old son, Leopold Frankenberger, had fathered Alois. [7] No Frankenberger, Jewish or otherwise, is registered in Graz for that period. [9] This claim remained unsupported, however, and Frank himself did not believe that Hitler had Jewish ancestry. [10] The suggestion that Alois father was Jewish was also doubted by historians in the 1990s,[11][12] and Ian Kershaw dismisses the Frankenberger story as a smear by Hitlers adversaries. Kershaw noted that there was no evidence for a family named Frankenberger living in Graz at the time. All Jews had been expelled from Graz under Maximilian I in the 15th century, and were not allowed to settle in Styria until the Basic Laws were passed in 1849. [9][12] At age 39 Alois assumed the surname Hitler, also spelled as Hiedler, Huttler, or Huettler; the name was probably regularised to its final spelling by a clerk. The origin of the name is either one who lives in a hut (Standard German Hutte), shepherd (Standard German huten to guard, English heed), or is from the Slavic wordsHidlar and Hidlarcek. 13] Childhood Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 at around 6:30 pm at the Gasthof zum Pommer, an inn in Ranshofen,[14] a village annexed in 1938 to the municipality ofBraunau am Inn, Upper Austria. He was the third of five children to Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl. Adolfs older siblings – Gustav and Ida – died in infancy. [15]Psychologist Erich Fromm describes th e mother and father as stable, well-intentioned people. [16] Hitler was attached to his mother, who is thought to have pampered him in his early years. His father was a hard-working self-made man who secured a comfortable livelihood for the family. Though often described as a tyrant, Alois character conformed to the authoritarian type of his age, milieu, and class. [17] Adolf Hitler as an infant (c. 1889/1890) At the age of three, his family moved to Kapuzinerstrasse 5[18] in Passau, Germany. There, Hitler would acquire the distinctive lower Bavarian dialect, rather thanAustrian German, which marked his speech all of his life. [19][20][21] In 1894, the family relocated to Leonding near Linz, and in June 1895, Alois retired to a small landholding at Hafeld near Lambach, where he tried his hand at farming and beekeeping. Adolf attended school in nearby Fischlham, and in his free time, he played Cowboys and Indians. Hitler became fixated on warfare after finding a picture book about the Franco-Prussian War among his fathers belongings. [22][23] The move to Hafeld appears to have coincided with the onset of intense father-son conflicts, because Adolf refused to conform to strict school discipline. [24] Alois Hitlers farming efforts at Hafeld ended in failure, and in 1897 the family moved to Lambach. Hitler attended a Catholic school in an 11th-century Benedictine cloister, the walls of which bore engravings and crests that contained the symbol of the swastika. [18] In Lambach the eight-year-old Hitler sang in the church choir, took singing lessons, and even entertained thoughts of one day becoming a priest. [25] In 1898, the family returned permanently to Leonding. The death of his younger brother,Edmund from measles on 2 February 1900 deeply affected Hitler. He changed from being confident and outgoing and an excellent student, to a morose, detached, and sullen boy who constantly fought his father and his teachers. 26] Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. Hitler later dramatised an episode from this period when his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event that gave rise to a unforgiving antagonism between father and son who were both equally strong-willed. [27][28][29] Ignoring his son s desire to attend a classical high school and become an artist, in September 1900 his father sent Adolf to the Realschule in Linz, a technical high school of about 300 students. This was the same high school that Adolf Eichmann would attend some 17 years later. )[30] Hitler rebelled against this decision, and inMein Kampf revealed that he did poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw what little progress I was making at the technical school he would let me devote myself to my dream. [31] Hitler became obsessed with German nationalism from a young age as a way to rebel against his father, who proudly served the Austrian government. Although many Austrians considered themselvesGermans, they were loyal to Austria. Hitler expressed loyalty only to Germany, despising the declining Habsburg Monarchy and its rule over an ethnically-variegated empire. [32][33] Hitler and his friends used the German greeting Heil, and sang the German anthem Deutschland Uber Alles instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem. [34] After Alois sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitlers behaviour at the technical school became even more disruptive, and he was asked to leave in 1904. He enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904, but upon completing his second year, he and his friends went out for a night of celebration and drinking. While drunk, Hitler tore up his school certificate and used the pieces as toilet paper. The stained certificate was brought to the attention of the schools principal, who gave him such a dressing-down that the boy was reduced to shivering jelly. It was probably the most painful and humiliating experience of his life. [35] Hitler was expelled, never to return to school again. At age 15, Hitler took part in his First Communion on Whitsunday, 22 May 1904, at the Linz Cathedral. [36] His sponsor was Emanuel Lugert, a friend of his late father. 37] Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich From 1905, Hitler lived a bohemian life in Vienna with financial support from orphans benefits and his mother. He was rejected twice by the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna (1907–1908), because of his unfitness for painting, and was recommended to study architecture. [38] However, he lacked the academic credentials required for architecture school: In a few days I myself knew that I should some day become an architect. To be sure, it was an incredibly hard road; for the studies I had neglected out of spite at the Realschule were sorely needed. One could not attend the Academys architectural school without having attended the building school at the Technik, and the latter required a high-school degree. I had none of all this. The fulfilment of my artistic dream seemed physically impossible. [39] The Courtyard of the Old Residency in Munich. Adolf Hitler, 1914 On 21 December 1907, Hitlers mother died of breast cancer at age 47; Hitler was devastated, and carried the grief from her death with him for the rest of his life. Ordered by a court in Linz, Hitler gave his share of the orphans benefits to his sister Paula, and at the age of 21, he inherited money from an aunt. He struggled as a painter in Vienna, copying scenes from postcards and selling his paintings to merchants and tourists. After being rejected a second time by the Academy of Arts, Hitler ran out of money. In 1909, he lived in a shelter for the homeless, and by 1910, he had settled into a house for poor working men on Meldemannstra? e. Another resident of the shelter, Reinhold Hanisch, sold Hitlers paintings, until the two men had a bitter falling-out. [40] Hitler stated that he first became an antisemite in Vienna,[41] which had a large Jewish community, including Orthodox Jews who had fled the pogroms inRussia. There were few Jews in Linz. In the course of centuries their outward appearance had become Europeanised and had taken on a human look; in fact, I even took them for Germans. The absurdity of this idea did not dawn on me because I saw no distinguishing feature but the strange religion. The fact that they had, as I believed, been persecuted on this account sometimes almost turned my distaste at unfavorable remarks about them into horror. Thus far I did not so much as suspect the existence of an organized opposition to the Jews. Then I came to Vienna. 41] Once, as I was strolling through the Inner City, I suddenly encountered an apparition in a black caftan and black hair locks. Is this a Jew? was my first thought. For, to be sure, they had not looked like that in Linz. I observed the man furtively and cautiously, but the longer I stared at this foreign face, scrutinizing feature for feature, the more my first question assumed a new form: Is this a German? [42] Hitlers account has been questioned by his childhood friend, August Kubizek, who suggested that Hitler was already a confirmed antisemite before he left Linz for Vienna. Brigitte Hamann has challenged his account, writing that of all those early witnesses who can be taken seriously Kubizek is the only one to portray young Hitler as an anti-Semite and precisely in this respect he is not trustworthy. [43] If Hitler was an antisemite even before settling in Vienna, apparently he did not act on his views. He was a frequent dinner guest in a wealthy Jewish home: he interacted well with Jewish merchants, and sold his paintings almost exclusively to Jewish dealers. [44][45] At the time Hitler lived there, Vienna was a hotbed of traditional religious prejudice and 19th-century racism. Fears of been overrun by immigrants from the East were widespread and the populist mayor,Karl Lueger, was adept at exploiting the rhetoric of virulent antisemitism for political effect. Georg Schonerers pangermanic ethnic antisemitism had a strong following and base in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler lived. [46] Local newspapers like the Deutsches Volksblatt, which Hitler read, fanned prejudices, as did Rudolf Vrbas writings, which played on Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of eastern Jews. [47] He probably read occult writings, like the antisemitic magazine Ostara, published by Lanz von Liebenfels. 48] Hostile to what he saw as Catholic Germanophobia, he developed a strong admiration for Luther. [49] Luthers foundational antisemitic writings were to play an important role in later Nazi propaganda. [50] Hitler received the final part of his fathers estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich. He wrote in Mein Kampf that he had always longed to live in a real German city. In Munich he further pursued his interest in architecture and studied the writings of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, who, a decade later, was to become the first person of national- and even international- repute to align himself with Hitler and the Nazi movement. 51] Hitler also may have left Vienna to avoid conscription into the Austrian army; he was disinclined to serve the Habsburg state and was repulsed by what he perceived as a mixture of races in the Austrian army. [52] After a physical exam on 5 February 1914, he was deemed unfit for service and returned to Munich. [53] When Germany entered World War I in August 1914, he successfully petitioned King Ludwig III of Bavaria for permission to serve in a Bavarian regiment. [54] World War I Main article: Military career of Adolf Hitler Hitler served as a runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium in the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16. He experienced major combat, including the First Battle of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Arras, and the Battle of Passchendaele. [55] Hitler with his army comrades of the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (c. 1914–1918) Hitler was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross, Second Class, in 1914. Recommended by Hugo Gutmann, he received the Iron Cross, First Class, on 4 August 1918,[56] a decoration rarely awarded to one of Hitlers rank (Gefreiter). Hitlers post at regimental headquarters, where he had frequent interactions with senior officers, may have helped him receive this decoration. [57] The regimental staff, however, thought Hitler lacked leadership skills, and he was never promoted. He also received the Wound Badge on 18 May 1918. [58] While serving at regimental headquarters Hitler pursued his artwork, drawing cartoons and instructions for an army newspaper. In October 1916 he was wounded either in the groin area[59] or the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners dugout during the Battle of the Somme. 60] Hitler spent almost two months in the Red Cross hospital at Beelitz. He returned to his regiment on 5 March 1917. [61] Adolf Hitler as a soldier during the First World War (1914–1918) On 15 October 1918, Hitler was temporarily blinded by a mustard gas attack. [62] It has been suggested that his blindness may have been an hysterical symptom brought on by the shock at the rapid reversal of German ys war fortunes. [63] He was hospitalised in Pasewalk. Hitler became embittered over the collapse of the war effort. It was during this time that Hitlers ideological development began to firmly take shape. [64] According to Lucy Dawidowicz, Hitlers intention to exterminate Europes Jews took definitive shape by the end of World War I. [65] Hitler described the war as the greatest of all experiences, and he was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery. [66] The experience made Hitler a passionate German patriot, and he was shocked by Germanys capitulation in November 1918. [67] Like many other German nationalists, Hitler believed in the Dolchsto? egende (Stab-in-the-back legend), which claimed that the German army, undefeated in the field, had been stabbed in the back on the home front by civilian leaders and Marxists, later dubbed the November Criminals. [68] The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany must relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland. The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied reparations on the country. Many Germans perceived the treaty - especially Article 231, which declared Germany responsible for the war- as a humiliation. 69]The economic, social, and political conditions in Germany effected by the war and the Versailles treaty were later exploited by Hitler for political gains. [70] Entry into politics Main article: Adolf Hitlers political views After World War I, Hitler remained in the army and returned to Munich, where he attended the funeral march for the murdered Bavarian prime minister Kurt Eisner. [71] After the suppression of theBavarian Soviet Republic, he took part in national thinking courses organised by the Education and Propaganda Department of the Bavarian Reichswehr under Captain Karl Mayr. 72] In July 1919 Hitler was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklarungskommando (reconnaissance commando) of the Reichswehr, both to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate theGerman Workers Party (DAP). While he studied the activities of the DAP, Hitler became impressed with founder A nton Drexlers antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist ideas. [73]Drexler favoured a strong active government, a non-Jewish version of socialism, and solidarity among all members of society. Drexler was impressed with Hitlers oratory skills and invited him to join the DAP. Hitler accepted on 12 September 1919,[74] becoming the partys 55th member. [75] A copy of Adolf Hitlers German Workers Party (DAP) membership card At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart, one of its early founders and a member of the occult Thule Society. [76] Eckart became Hitlers mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing Hitler to a wide range of people in Munich society. [77] Hitler thanked Eckart and paid tribute to him in the second volume ofMein Kampf. To increase the partys appeal, the party changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party – NSDAP). 78] Hitler designed the partys banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background. [79] Hitler was discharged from the army in March 1920, and he began working full time for the party. By early 1921 Hitler had become highly effective at speaking to large audiences. In February 1921 Hitler spoke to a crowd of over six thousand in Munich. [80] To pub licise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around town waving swastika flags and throwing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy, polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews. [81] At the time, the NSDAP was centred in Munich, a major hotbed of anti-government German nationalists determined to crush Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic. [82] In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the DAP in Munich. Members of the DAPs executive committee, some of whom considered Hitler to be too overbearing, wanted to merge with the rival German Socialist Party (DSP). 83] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July 1921 and angrily tendered his resignation from the DAP. The committee members then realised that Hitlers resignation would mean the end of the party. [84] Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. [85] The committee agreed to his demands; Hitler rejoined the party as member 3,680. Hitler still faced some oppos ition within the DAP: Hermann Esser and his allies printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party. 85][a] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself to thunderous applause. Hitlers strategy proved successful: at a general DAP membership meeting, he was granted absolute powers as party chairman, with only one nay vote cast. [87] Hitlers vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. Early followers included Rudolf Hess, the former air force pilot Hermann Goring, and the army captain Ernst Rohm. The latter became head of the Nazis paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, Storm Division), which protected meetings and frequently attacked political opponents. A critical influence on his thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung,[88][page needed] a conspiratorial group formed of White Russian exiles and early National Socialists. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists like Henry Ford, introduced him to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism. [89] Hitler attracted the attention of local business interests. He was accepted into influential circles of Munich society and became associated with wartime General Erich Ludendorff. Drawing of Hitler (30 October 1923) Beer Hall Putsch Main article: Beer Hall Putsch Encouraged by his new support, Hitler recruited Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Hitler Putsch or MunichPutsch). The Nazi Party had used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies, and in 1923, Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolinis March on Rome by staging his own Campaign in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought support of Staatskommissar (state commissioner) Gustav von Kahr, Bavarias de factoruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser (Sei? er) and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow, wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler. [90] Hitler wanted to seize a critical moment for successful popular agitation and support. [91] On 8 November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people that had been organised by Kahr in the Burgerbraukeller, a large beer hall in Munich. Hitler interrupted Kahrs speech and announced that the national revolution had begun, declaring the formation of a new government with Ludendorff. 92] With his handgun drawn, Hitler demanded the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow. [92]Hitlers forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters; however, neither the army nor the state police joined forces with Hitler. [93] Kahr and his consorts quickly withdrew their support and fled to join the opposition to Hitler. [94] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government on their March on Berlin, but the police dispersed them. 95] Sixteen NSDAP members and four police officers were killed in the failed coup. [96] Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl, and by some accounts he contemplated suicide; this state of mind has been disputed by others. [97] Hitler was depressed but calm when he was arrested on 11 November 1923. [98] He was tried for high treason before the special Peoples Court in Munich,[99] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the NSDAP. Hitlers trial began on 26 February 1924; on 1 April 1924 Hitler was sentenced to five years imprisonment at Landsberg Prison. 100]Hitler received friendly treatment from the guards and received a lot of mail from supporters. The Bavarian Supreme Court issued a pardon and he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutors objections. [101] Including time on remand, Hitler had served j ust over one year in prison. [102] Mein Kampf Dust jacket of Mein Kampf (1926–1927) Main article: Mein Kampf While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf (My Struggle, originally entitled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice) to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. 102] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and an exposition of his ideology. Mein Kampf was influenced by The Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant, which Hitler called my Bible. [103] Mein Kampfwas published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, selling about 240,000 copies between 1925 and 1934. By the end of the war, about 10 million copies had been sold or distributed. The copyright of Mein Kampf in Europe is claimed by the Free State of Bavaria and will end on 31 December 2015. In Germany, only heavily commented editions of Mein Kampf are available- solely for academic studies. Rebuilding the NSDAP Hitler (left), standing behindHermann Goring at a Nazi rally inNuremberg (c. 1928) At the time of Hitlers release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative, and the economy had improved. This limited Hitlers opportunities for political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the NSDAP and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with Prime Minister of Bavaria Heinrich Held on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the authority of the state: he would only seek political power through the democratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the NSDAP to be lifted[104] on 16 February 1925, but Hitler was barred from public speaking as of 9 March. [105] To advance his political ambitions in spite of the ban, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser along with his brother Otto and Joseph Goebbels to organise and grow the NSDAP in northern Germany. A superb organiser, Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist element in the partys programme. [106] Hitler established an autocratic rule of the NSDAP by asserting the Fuhrerprinzip (Leader principle). What emerged was a political organisation where rank in the party was determined not by elections, but rather positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader. [107] A key element of Hitlers appeal was his ability to evoke a sense of violated national pride as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. Many Germans strongly resented the terms of the treaty, especially the economic burden of having to pay large reparations to other countries affected by World War I. Nonetheless, attempts by Hitler to win popular support by blaming the demands and assertions in the treaty on international Jewry were largely unsuccessful with the electorate. Therefore, Hitler and his party began employing more subtle propaganda methods, combining antisemitism with an attack on the failures of the Weimar system and the parties supporting it. [citation needed] Having failed in overthrowing the republic and gaining power by a coup, Hitler changed tactics and pursued a strategy of formally adhering to the rules of the Weimar Republic until he had gained political power through regular elections. His vision was to then use the institutions of the Weimar Republic to destroy it and establish himself as autocratic leader. Rise to power Main article: Adolf Hitlers rise to power Nazi Party election results DateTotal votesVotes, percentageReichstag seatsNotes May 1924 1,918,300[108] 6. 532[108] Hitler in prison December 1924 907,300[108] 3. 014[108] Hitler released from prison May 1928 810,100[109] 2. 612[109] September 1930 6,409,600[109] 18. 3[110] 107[109] After the financial crisis July 1932 13,745,000[111] 37. 3[110] 230[111] After Hitler was candidate for presidency November 1932 1,737,00033. 1[112] 196[113] March 1933 17,277,180[114] 43. 9[115] 288[115] During Hitlers term as Chancellor of Germany Bruning administration Hitler and NSDAP treasurer Franz Xaver Schwarz at the dedication of the renovation of the Palais Barlow on Brienner Stra? e in Munich into the Brown Househeadquarters, December 1930 Paul von Hindenburg and Adolf Hitler. Hitlers political turning point came wi th the Great Depression in Germany in 1930. The Weimar Republic had difficulty taking root in German society and faced strong challenges from right- and left-wing extremists. The moderate political parties committed to the democratic parliamentary republic were increasingly unable to stem the tide of extremism, and the German referendum of 1929 had helped to elevate the profile and prominence of Nazi ideology. [116]In elections in September 1930, the moderates lost their majority, leading to the break-up of a grand coalition and its replacement by a minority cabinet. Its leader, chancellor Heinrich Bruning of the Centre Party, governed through emergency decrees from the president of state, Paul von Hindenburg. Tolerated by most parties, governance by decree would become the new norm and paved the way for authoritarian forms of government. [117] The NSDAP rose from relative obscurity to win 18. 3% of the vote and 107 parliamentary seats in the 1930 election, becoming the second-largest party in the German parliament. [118] The increasing political clout of Hitler was felt at the trial of two Reichswehr officers, Leutnants Richard Scheringer and Hans Ludin, in the autumn of 1930. Both were charged with membership of the NSDAP, which at that time was illegal for Reichswehr personnel. 119] The prosecution argued that the NSDAP was a dangerous extremist party, prompting defence lawyer Hans Frank to call on Hitler to testify in court. [120] During his testimony on 25 September 1930, Hitler stated that his party was planning to come to power solely through democratic elections and that the NSDAP was a friend of the Reichswehr. [121] Hitlers testimony won him many supporters in the officer corps. [122] Brunings budgetary and financial austerity measures brought little economic improvement and were extremely unpopular. 123] Hitler exploited this weakness by targeting his political messages specifically to the segments of the population that had been hard hit by the inflation of the 1920s and the unemployment of the Depression, such as farmers, war veterans, and the middle class. [124] Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925, but at the time did not acquire German citizenship. For almost seven years Hitler was stateless, so he was unable to run for public office and even faced the risk of deportation. 125] On 25 February 1932 the interior minister of Brunswick, who was a member of the NSDAP, appointed Hitler as administrator for the states delegation to the Reichsrat in Berlin, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick,[126]and thus of Germany as well. [127] In 1932 Hitler ran against the ageing President Paul von Hindenburg in the presidential elections. The viability of his candidacy was underscored by a 27 January 1932 speech to the Industry Club in Dusseldorf, which won him support from a broad swath of Germanys most powerful industrialists. 128] However, Hindenburg had broad support from various nationalist, monarchist, Catholic, and republican parties and even some social democrats. Hitler used the campaign slogan Hitler uber Deutschland (Hitler over Germany), a reference to both his political ambitions and to his campaigning by aircraft. [129] Hitler came in second in both rounds of the election, garnering more than 35% of the vote in the final election. Although he lost to Hindenburg, this election established Hitler as a credible force in German politics. [130] In September 1931 Hitlers niece, Geli Raubal, committed suicide with Hitlers gun in his Munich apartment. Geli was believed to be in a romantic relationship with Hitler, and it is believed that her death was a source of deep, lasting pain for him. [131] Appointment as Chancellor Because of the difficulties of forming a stable and effective government, two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg, as well as a number of industrialists and businessmen, including Hjalmar Schacht and Fritz Thyssen, wrote to Hindenburg, urging him to appoint Hitler as leader of a government independent from parliamentary parties which could turn into a movement that would enrapture millions of people. [132][133] Hitler, at the window of the Reich Chancellery, receives an ovation on the evening of his inauguration as Chancellor, 30 January 1933 After two parliament elections- in July and November 1932- had failed to result in a majority government, President Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler chancellor of a coalition government formed by the NSDAP and Hugenbergs party, the Ge rman National Peoples Party (DNVP). As a concession to the NSDAP, Hermann Goring, who was head of the Prussian police at the time, was named minister without portfolio. So although von Papen intended to install Hitler merely as a figurehead, the NSDAP gained key political positions. On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor during a brief and simple ceremony in Hindenburgs office. Hitlers first speech as Chancellortook place on 10 February. The Nazis seizure of power subsequently became known as the Machtergreifung or Machtubernahme. Reichstag fire and March elections As chancellor, Hitler worked against attempts by his political opponents to uild a majority government. Because of the political stalemate, Hitler asked President Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag again, and elections were scheduled for early March. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was set on fire,[134] and since Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch independent communist, was found in the burning building, a communist plot was blamed for the fire. The central government responded with the Reichstag Fire Decree of 28 February, which suspended basic rights, incl uding habeas corpus. Activities of theGerman Communist Party were suppressed, and communist party members were arrested, forced to flee, or murdered. [citation needed] Besides political campaigning, the NSDAP used paramilitary violence and spread of anti-communist propaganda on the days preceding the election. On election day, 6 March 1933, the NSDAP increased its result to 43. 9% of the vote, gaining the largest number of seats in parliament. However, Hitlers party failed to secure an absolute majority, thus again necessitating a coalition with the DNVP. [135] Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act On 21 March 1933, the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony held at Potsdams garrison church. This Day of Potsdam was staged to demonstrate reconciliation and unity between the revolutionary Nazi movement and Old Prussia with its elites and perceived virtues. Hitler appeared in a tail coat and humbly greeted the aged President Hindenburg. [136] In the Nazis quest for full political control- they had failed to gain an absolute majority in the prior parliamentary election- Hitlers government brought the Ermachtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act) to a vote in the newly elected Reichstag. The legislation gave Hitlers cabinet full legislative powers for a period of four years. Although such a bill was not unprecedented, this act was different since it allowed for deviations from the constitution. [136] Since the bill required a ? majority to pass, the government needed the support of other parties. The position of the Centre Party, the third largest party in theReichstag, turned out to be decisive: under the leadership of Ludwig Kaas, the party decided to vote for the Enabling Act. It did so in return for the governments oral guarantees of the Catholic Churchs liberty, the concordats signed by German states, and the continued existence of the Centre Party. [137] On 23 March, the Reichstag assembled in a replacement building under turbulent circumstances. Several SA men served as guards inside, while large groups outside the building shouted slogans and threats toward the arriving members of parliament. Kaas announced that the Centre Party would support the bill with concerns put aside, while Social Democrat Otto Wels denounced the act in his speech. 138] At the end of the day, all parties except the Social Democrats voted in favour of the bill- the Communists, as well as several Social Democrats, were barred from attending the vote. The Enabling Act, along with the Reichstag Fire Decree, transformed Hitlers government into a de facto dictatorship. Removal of remaining limits At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist moveme nt will go on for 1,000 years! Dont forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934[139] Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his political allies embarked on systematic suppression of the remaining political opposition. After the dissolution of the Communist Party, the Social Democratic Party was also banned and all its assets seized. The Steel Helmets were placed under Hitlers leadership with some autonomy as an auxiliary police force. [citation needed] On 1 May, demonstrations were held, and Sturmabteilung (SA) stormtroopers demolished trade union offices. On 2 May 1933 all trade unions in the country were forced to dissolve. A new union organisation was formed, representing all workers, administrators, and company owners together as one group. This new trade union reflected the concept of national socialism in the spirit of Hitlers Volksgemeinschaft (community of all German people). [140] In 1934, Hitler became Germanys president under the title of Fuhrer und Reichskanzler(Leader and Chancellor of the Reich) On 14 July 1933, Hitlers Nazi Party was declared the only legal party in Germany. 140] Hitler used the SA to pressure Hugenberg into resigning, and proceeded to politically isolate Vice-Chancellor von Papen. [citation needed] The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused much anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. Hitler was prompted to purge the entire SA leadership, including Ernst Rohm, and other political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasserand former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher). Th ese actions took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934, in what became known as the Night of the Long Knives. 141] While some Germans were shocked by the killing, many others saw Hitler as the one who restored order to the country. [142] On 2 August 1934, President von Hindenburg died. In contravention to the Weimar Constitution, which called for presidential elections, and in spite of a law passed the previous day in anticipation of Hindenburgs imminent death, Hitlers cabinet declared the presidency vacant and transferred the powers of the head of state to Hitler asFuhrer und Reichskanzler (leader and chancellor). This removed the last legal remedy by which Hitler could be dismissed, and nearly all institutional checks and balances on his power. Hitlers move also violated the Enabling Act, which had barred tampering with the office of the presidency. On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by a plebiscite with support of 84. 6% of the electorate. [143][144] As head of state, Hitler now became Supreme Commander of the armed forces. The traditional loyalty oath of soldiers and sailors was altered to affirm loyalty directly to Hitler rather than to the office of commander-in-chief. 145] In early 1938, Hitler brought the armed forces under his direct control by forcing the resignation of his War Minister (formerly Defence Minister), Werner von Blombergon evidence that Blombergs new wife had a police record for prostitution. [146] Hitler also removed army commander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch after the SSprovided false allegations he had taken part in a homosexual relationship, which had led to blackmail. [147] The episode became known as the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair. Hitler replaced the Ministry of War with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces, or OKW), headed by General Wilhelm Keitel. By early February 1938, twelve generals (apart from Blomberg and Fritsch) were also removed. [148] Third Reich Main article: Nazi Germany Having consolidated his political powers, Hitler suppressed or eliminated his opposition by a process termed Gleichschaltung (bringing into line). He attempted to gain additional public support by vowing to reverse the effects of the Depression and the Versailles treaty. Economy and culture Increased economic activities were enabled largely by refinancing long-term debts into cheaper short-term debts and expansion of the military. [citation needed] For example, Hitlers reconstruction and rearmament were financed with currency manipulations by Hjalmar Schacht, including credits through the Mefo bills. Totenehrung (honouring of dead): Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Hitler, and SA leader Viktor Lutze on the terrace in front of the Ehrenhalle (Hall of Honour); in the background: the crescent-shaped Ehrentribune (tribune of honour). September 1934, Nazi party rally grounds,Nuremberg Nazi policies strongly encouraged women to bear children and stay at home. In a September 1934 speech to the NS-Frauenschaft (National Socialist Womens League), Hitler argued that for the German woman, her world is her husband, her family, her children, and her home. [149][150] The Cross of Honor of the German Mother was bestowed on women bearing four or more children. The unemployment rate fell substantially, mostly through arms production, restrictions of labour unions, and women leaving the workforce. citation needed] Hitler oversaw one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in German history, leading to the construction of dams, autobahns, railroads, and other civil works. However, these programmes lowered the overall standard of living of workers who earlier had been unaffected by the chronic unemployment of the later Weimar Republic; wages were slightly reduced in pre–World War II years, while the cost of li ving was increased by 25%. [151]. From 1933 to 1934 wages suffered a 5% cut. [152] Hitlers government sponsored architecture on an immense scale. Albert Speer, instrumental in implementing Hitlers classicist reinterpretation of German culture, became the first architect of the Reich. In 1936 Hitler opened the summer Olympic games in Berlin. Hitler made some contributions to the design of the Volkswagen Beetle and charged Ferdinand Porsche with its design and construction. [153] On 20 April 1939 a lavish celebration was held for Hitlers 50th birthday, featuring military parades, visits from foreign dignitaries, Nazi banners, and thousands of flaming torches. 154] Historians such as David Schoenbaum and Henry Ashby Turner argue that Hitlers social and economic policies were modernisation that had anti-modern goals. [155]Others, including Rainer Zitelmann, have contended that Hitler had the deliberate strategy of pursuing a revolutionary modernisation of German society. [156] Rearmament and new alliances Main articles: Axis powers, Tripartite Pact, and German re-armament In a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February 193 3, Hitler spoke of conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation as his ultimate foreign policy objectives. 157] In March 1933 State Secretary at the Auswartiges Amt (Foreign Office) Prince Bernhard Wilhelm von Bulow issued a major statement of German foreign policy aims. The statement advocated Anschluss with Austria, the restoration of Germanys national borders of 1914, rejection of Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and a German zone of influence in Eastern Europe. Hitler found Bulows goals to be too modest. 158] In his peace speeches of the mid-1930s, Hitler stressed the peaceful goals of his policies and willingness to work within international agreements. [159] At the first meeting of his Cabinet in 1933, Hitler prioritised military spending over unemployment relief. [160] In October 1933 Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference, and his Foreign Minister Bar onKonstantin von Neurath stated that the French demand for securite was a principal stumbling block. [161] On 25 October 1936 an Axis was declared between Italy and Germany In March 1935 Hitler rejected Part V of the Versailles treaty by announcing an expansion of the German army to 600,000 members (six times the number stipulated in the Treaty of Versailles), including development of an Air Force (Luftwaffe) and increasing the size of the Navy (Kriegsmarine). Britain, France, Italy, and the League of Nations condemned these plans. [162] On 18 June 1935 the Anglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA) was signed, allowing German tonnage to increase to 35% of that of the British avy. Hitler called the signing of the AGNA the happiest day of his life as he believed the agreement marked the beginning of the Anglo-German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf. [163] France and Italy were not consulted before the signing, directly undermining the League of Nations and putting the Treaty of Versailles on the path towards irrelevance. [164] On 13 September 1935 Hitler ordered Dr. Bernhard Losener and Fr anz Albrecht Medicus of the Interior Ministry to start drafting antisemitic laws for Hitler to bring to the floor of the Reichstag. 165] On 15 September, Hitler presented two laws- known as the Nuremberg Laws- before the Reichstag. The laws banned marriage between non-Jewish and Jewish Germans, and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. The laws deprived so-called non-Aryans of the benefits of German citizenship. [165] Hitler with Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Heinrich Himmler, andReinhard Heydrich in Vienna, 1938 In March 1936 Hitler reoccupied the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland, in violation the Versailles treaty. Hitler sent troops to Spain to support General Franco after receiving an appeal for help in July 1936. At the same time, Hitler continued his efforts to create an Anglo-German alliance. [166] In August 1936, in response to a growing economic crisis caused by his rearmament efforts, Hitler issued a memorandum orderingHermann Goring to carry out a Four Year Plan to have Germany ready for war within the next four years. 167] The Four-Year Plan Memorandum laid out an imminent all-out struggle between Judeo-Bolshevism and German National Socialism, which in Hitlers view required a committed effort of rearmament regardless of the economic costs. [168] On 25 October 1936 Count Galeazzo Ciano, foreign minister of Benito Mussolinis government, declared an axis between Germany and Italy, and on 25 November, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan. Britain, China, Italy, and Poland were also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italy signed in 1937. By late 1937 Hitler had abandoned his dream of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming inadequate British leadership. [169] On 5 November 1937 Hitler held a secret meeting at the Reich Chancellery with his war and foreign ministers and military chiefs. As recorded in the Hossbach Memorandum, Hitler stated his intention of acquiring Lebensraum (living space) for the German people, and ordered preparations for war in the east, which would commence no later than 1943. Hitler stated that the conference minutes were to be regarded as his political testament in the event of his death. 170] Hitler said that the crisis of the German economy had reached a point that a severe decline in living standards in Germany could only be stopped by a policy of military aggression- seizing Austria and Czechoslovakia. [171][172] Hitler urged quick action, before Britain and France obtained a permanent lead in the arms race. [171] In early 1938, in the wake of the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, Hitler asserted control of the military-foreign policy apparatus and the abolition of the War Ministry and its replacement by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW). He dismissed Neurath as Foreign Minister on 4 February 1938, and assumed the role and title of theOberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht (supreme commander of the armed forces). [167] From early 1938 onwards, Hitler was carrying out a foreign policy that had war as its ultimate aim. [173] The Holocaust The Holocaust Part of: Jewish history Responsibility[show] Early policies[show] Victims[show] Ghettos[show] Atrocities[show] Camps[show] Resistance[show]

Sex and Gender Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sex and Gender Identity - Essay Example Nowadays it has become obvious that such 'typical' sexual features as height, weight, musculature and sinews are a great deal less connected with sex than it had consider to be. Aside from men and women biological distinctions there is a division of their social roles, forms of activities, difference in their behavior and emotional characteristics. Long ago anthropologists, ethnographers, and historians have ascertained in relativity of 'typically man' and 'typically women' notions. The point is that the same activity (behavior, characteristic), which in one community is regarded as manlike, may be treated as womanish in the other. The world's variety of social characteristics of both men and women and fundamental sameness of human beings' biological characteristics brings us to a conclusion that biological sex can not be taken as an explanation to dissimilarity of their social roles, existing in different communities. Accordingly the notion of gender as summation of social and cultural norms, which are appointed by the society depending on the biological sex of individual, comes into being. Let us consider two articles: 'Sex and Gender Identity' written by Jami L. Anderson, who states that we should reject biological essentialism and turn to the idea that sex categories are socially constructed, and 'The Five Sexes' written by Ann Fausto-Sterling, claiming that it is time to challenge the man and women division. On studying the phenomenon of sex, Anderson throws discredit upon the conception of biological essentialism, which considers the categories of man and women as some biological categories, and according to which in order to qualify a human's sex, one should examine a human's body. Biological essentialist suggest the following definitions of sex categories man and woman: A man is a human with a penis and testes A woman is a human with ovaries and a uterus Anderson points out the weak sides of these definitions. First of all, there are cases when people are born with testes and some aspects of female genitalia, and on the contrary some are born with ovaries and some aspects of male genitalia. So in such cases we cannot refer such people to any of these categories. More over there is a great number of women, who had to have hysterectomies in order to treat ovarian cancer. This notwithstanding they remain to be women. The same can be said about men, who have their testicles removed to deal with testicular cancer.Some biological essentianalists may contest that chromosomes may be used as a key-determinant of sex category. Herewith they suggest the following definitions of sex categories man and woman: A man is a human with XY chromosomes A woman is a human with XX chromosomes Anderson claims that these definitions are also a matter of argument, as 'it has been estimated that as many as 4 % of the world's population have a karotype other than XX or XY'. That is why the author states that the only way to make theses definitions exhaustive is to add another category: An intersexed person is a human with a karotype other than XX or XY.The author proposes us to consider sex categories as not biological ones, but as social categories. According to Anderson, both self- and other-identification play an important part in determining one's sex. Here we deal with gender, which main categories are

Issues in Human Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Issues in Human Sexuality - Essay Example Traditionally, we believed that the feminine role was an expressive one, and the masculine role as instrumental. Expressive activities of the woman fulfill internal functions, and man, on the other hand, performed the external functions of a family, such as providing monetary support. Gender identity, to a large extent, refers to an individual’s identification with male or female gender roles and behaviors and the labeling of different activities as feminine and masculine, which is largely a social construction based on stereotyped expectations regarding gender and perceived gender differences. It is recognized that individuals’ identification with masculine and feminine personality traits could vary when measured in different contexts or when gender identity was more or less salient to the other variables being examined-as found in the observations. If we closely examine the whole thing, we learn that the gender role is a set of behavioral norms associated particularly with males or females in a given social group or system. All societies, to a certain effect, have a gender/sex system, although the components and workings of this system vary widely from society to society. A persons gender role is composed of several elements and can be expressed through clothing, behavior, choice of work, personal relationships and other factors. There is nothing strange in seeing that people spontaneously categorize stereotypically masculine and stereotypically feminine traits and job labels according to gender even when the task at hand has nothing to do with gender. They are grounded in perceptions of differences between these gender categories.

Electricity Demand and Supply Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Electricity Demand and Supply Pakistan Essay Electricity load-shedding in Pakistan is one of the biggest domestic problems faced by the country. Along with the problems that the power shortage brings for the society as a whole and for the inhabitants of the society the power failures seriously curbs the economic potential of the economy. Considering most of the medium and large scale industries of Pakistan depend on machinery that is run by electricity they are heavily dependent on the electricity supply, with the electricity supply cut their production capacity decreases dramatically as well. Since most of Pakistani manufacturing industries lack the self generation ability hence this power outage is even more harmful to their business. So eventually what ends up happening is that along with creating general distress among the public this power shortage reduces the production capacity of the firms and hence reduces the aggregate supply. Aggregate supply can be defined as the total supply of goods and services that firms in a national economy plan on selling during a specific time period. It is the total amount of goods and services that firms are willing to sell at a given price level in an economy. It is the total amount of goods and services that firms are willing to sell at a given price level in an economy. In the long run, the aggregate-supply curve is assumed to be vertical In the short run, the aggregate-supply curve is assumed to be upward sloping SRAS (Short run aggregate demand) shows total planned output when prices in the economy can change but the prices and productivity of all factor inputs e.g. wage rates and the state of technology are assumed to be held constant. LRAS (Long run aggregate supply) shows total planned output when both prices and average wage rates can change – it is a measure of a country’s potential output and the concept is linked strongly to that of the production poss ibility frontier The SRAS and LRAS can be graphically represented as follows: SRAS LRAS Now what happens is that firms will have to cut down their production process in order to effectively meet the costs incurred or it will come to a position of losses. The cutting down of the production process means  decreasing the supply of the firm. As a firm produces lesser than it did before, fewer workers will be needed because the excess labor has been made redundant since fewer employees are now needed to produce lesser output. Moreover, the firm can no longer afford to employ as many workers as it did before. Hence this will eventually give rise to over the course of time as many workers have will have to be laid off in industries due to low activity. This will invariably decrease the total consumption of the population because as the unemployment increases the purchasing power of the people also falls. They are now earning fewer wages and the income effect will lead to a drastic decrease in the consumption. Consumption is one of the major contributors in the aggregate demand function. We define aggregate demand as the total demand for all goods and services produced in the economy at a given time and price level. It is the amount of goods and services in the economy that will be produced at all possible price levels. The aggregate demand is usually described as a linear sum of four separable demand sources.[3] Where: C = Consumption I = Investment G = Government Spending (X-M) = Net Exports – Net Imports The graph for AD is as follows: It is often cited that the aggregate demand curve is downward sloping because at lower price levels a greater quantity is demanded. While this is correct at the microeconomic, single good level, at the aggregate level this is incorrect. The aggregate demand curve is in fact downward sloping as a result of the Pigou’s wealth effect. Pigou effect is an economics term that refers to the stimulation of output and employment caused by increasing consumption due to a rise in real balances of wealth, particularly during deflation. Keynes said that a drop in aggregate demand could lower employment and the price level (deflationary depression). Hence it can be  said that any decrease in the consumption would bring about a fall in the aggregate demand. Consumer demand or consumption, that is also known as personal consumption expenditure, is the largest part of aggregate demand or effective demand at the macroeconomic level. The interaction of the aggregate demand and aggregate supply gives us the market equilibrium. Now as has been previously pointed out, frequent power cuts will mean a cutting down of the production process which invariably brings about a decrease in the aggregate supply. What happens is that as aggregate supply decreases with the aggregate demand being constant (as obviously people would still be demanding the same quantity of products) inflation will increase as shown below: Now here we can see with AS moving to a new point as it decreases it is actually increasing the price level which results in inflation and as a result unemployment increases as well, because when there is inflation in the economy there is a rise in prices hence there is a fall in the demand of goods and services and the producers reduce their production level and as a result they end up decreasing the number of workers which means unemployment increases. Unemployment on the macroeconomic level is a sign that the economy is operating below its full production capacity, this is a sign of inefficiency. Here we can see that inflation is playing a key role in determining the employment level. Hence we’ll have a look at how load shedding gives rise to inflation. Inflation is conventionally defined as a general increase in the level of prices in goods and services. One of the effects of inflation is a decrease in the value of money. During the course of inflation income and prices do not increase at the same rate; the purchasing power of the nation as a whole drops. One of the reasons of inflation is surplus amount of money which causes the prices to rise at an extremely high rate. Other than that, another reason for inflation is the rise in the costs of production which in turn increases the prices of the products. Moreover inflation occurs when aggregate supply exceeds aggregate demand hence increasing the price level. In the context of load shedding though, we see that it has been a triggering stimulus for initiating inflation. The CPI inflation averaged 23.5 percent in July-February 2008-09 in Pakistan as against 8.9 percent in the comparable period of last year. The deficiency of energy sources is causing stir on the demand side of the economic picture causing an increase in the demand for energy sources as it has a huge effect on all spheres of economy of a nation having a primary influence on industry level. The insufficiency of the available energy sources is causing the people to demand more electricity to meet their needs on the individual as well as industry level which in turn when observed in the context of graphical representation shows a shift of the demand curve to the right causing a shift of the equilibrium position increasing the price level. (Demand-Pull Inflation) The increase in level of inflation has also been caused due to an increase in the cost of energy sources. The scarcity of the energy resources available to the industries is making them shift to other sources for the purpose of energy generation which in turn has caused their costs to sky rocket. Now, due to the heavy burden that everyone has to face in this state of affairs is causing a shift of the AS curve in terms of graphical representation of the scenario. The increase in the costs of production for the industries in turn affects the aggregate supply causing it to decline. This shift of the AS curve to the left also then causes the equilibrium price level to rise, in turn stirring up inflation in the society (Cost- Push Inflation). The power tariffs imposed would further increase the industrial input cost which is already very high making the products more expensive in the domestic as well as the international market. As far as the international market is concerned, the competitive edge of a country would be lost as their goods are more expensive in comparison to the other countries.